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| caption    = Millaquin Mill. 1950. State Library of Queensland.
| caption    = Millaquin Mill. 1950. State Library of Queensland.
| coordinates = [https://www.google.com/maps?q=-24.85653534194305,152.36638264861938 24.85653° S, 152.36638° E]
| coordinates = [https://www.google.com/maps?q=-24.85653534194305,152.36638264861938 24.85653° S, 152.36638° E]
| region      = [[Southern Region]]
| region      = [[Southern Region|Bundaberg]]
| lga        = [[Bundaberg Regional Council]]
| lga        = [[Bundaberg Regional Council]]
| established = 1882 ({{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1873}} years ago)
| established = 1882 ({{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1882}} years ago)
| closed      =  
| closed      =  
| owner      = [[Bundaberg Sugar]]
| owner      = [[Bundaberg Sugar]]
| gauge      = 610 mm (2 ft)
| gauge      = 610 mm (2 ft)
| crush      = 1,200,000 tonnes, seasonal average
| crush      = Approximately 1,100,000 tonnes annually
}}== Millaquin Mill ==
}}
'''Millaquin Mill''' is a raw sugar factory located at Bundaberg East on the southern side of the [[Burnett River]] in [[Bundaberg]], [[Queensland]]. Established as the Millaquin sugar refinery in 1882, the site played a major role in the rapid development of the Bundaberg sugar industry during the late nineteenth century.
 
It is now owned and operated by [[Bundaberg Sugar]] and is the company's only operating sugar mill following the closure of [[Fairymead Mill]] in 2005 and [[Bingera Mill]] in 2020. The Millaquin site incorporates raw sugar milling and sugar refining operations.<ref name="BAFFA">Bundaberg Ag-Food and Fibre Alliance. "Sugarcane". https://baffa.org.au/about/industries/fibre</ref> Bundaberg Sugar is wholly owned by the Belgian sugar group Finasucre.<ref name="Finasucre2025">Finasucre. ''Annual Report 2024–2025''. https://www.finasucre.com/medias/upload/files/Rapports/ra_finasucre_2025_en.pdf</ref>
 
== History ==
=== Millaquin refinery ===
The origins of Millaquin date to the late 1870s. Robert Cran and his brothers, who were already involved in the Yengarie sugar refinery near [[Maryborough]], investigated the Bundaberg district after local residents sought investment in a sugar refinery to encourage development of the district's cane industry.
 
Construction of the Millaquin refinery began in 1880. Robert Cran travelled to Britain to obtain machinery for the new works, which commenced operations in 1882.<ref name="ADB_Cran">Nolan, J. G. "Cran, Robert". ''Australian Dictionary of Biography''. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cran-robert-6329</ref>
 
Unlike a conventional sugar mill, the original Millaquin operation did not rely primarily on cane being delivered directly to the factory. Numerous small crushing or "juice" mills were established on surrounding plantations. These mills extracted the cane juice locally before pumping it through a network of underground pipes to Millaquin for processing into sugar. Juice from some riverside plantations was transported to the refinery by punt.<ref name="ADB_Buss">Australian Dictionary of Biography. "Buss, Frederic William". https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/brett-peter-9577/buss-frederic-william-5440</ref>
 
The system stimulated rapid expansion of sugar cultivation in the [[Woongarra]] district. Sixteen juice mills were constructed to supply Millaquin between 1881 and 1885, and by the mid-1880s the refinery had become one of the dominant sugar-processing operations in the district.<ref name="ADB_Buss"/>
 
=== Development as a sugar mill ===
Financial difficulties following the economic depression and floods of the 1890s resulted in the Queensland National Bank taking control of the Millaquin undertaking in 1896.<ref name="QNBHistory">Bundaberg Regional Council. "History of the former Queensland National Bank". https://www.brcnow.bundaberg.qld.gov.au/2023/08/10/history-of-the-former-queensland-national-bank/</ref>
 
The company increasingly consolidated sugar-growing and milling operations around Bundaberg. A new juice mill was established at Millaquin in 1906, reducing the reliance on the numerous small plantation crushing mills which had originally supplied the refinery.
 
In 1911, the Queensland National Bank formed the Millaquin Sugar Company Limited to take over the sugar interests associated with Millaquin.<ref name="MillaquinCompany">Guide to Australian Business Records. "The Millaquin Sugar Company Limited". https://eoas.info/GABR/biogs/ABE0114b.htm</ref>
 
During the 1920s the Millaquin operation was transformed from the earlier juice-processing system into a complete raw sugar factory capable of crushing cane directly. By 1928 the conversion to raw sugar production had been completed.


Millaquin Mill is a raw sugar factory located on the southern bank of the Burnett River in Bundaberg, Queensland. Established in 1882, it is the only remaining operational sugar mill in the Bundaberg district following the closure of the Fairymead (2005) and Bingera (2020) mills. Owned and operated by Bundaberg Sugar, the mill processes all sugar cane grown in the region, with a crushing capacity of approximately 1.2 million tonnes per season.<ref>Bundaberg Sugar, [https://www.bundabergsugar.com.au/sugar-milling/millaquin-mill.html Millaquin Mill Operations], Bundaberg Sugar Ltd, 2024.</ref>
The refinery continued to operate alongside the raw sugar mill, allowing both raw and refined sugar production to take place at the Millaquin site.


=== Origins and Establishment ===
=== Bundaberg Sugar ===
In 1975, Bundaberg Sugar Company Limited acquired the Millaquin Sugar Company, bringing Millaquin Mill, its refinery and the associated Bundaberg Distilling Company into the Bundaberg Sugar group.<ref name="BundabergSugarHistory">Guide to Australian Business Records. "Bundaberg Sugar Company Limited". https://eoas.info/GABR/biogs/ABE2665b.htm</ref>


Millaquin was established in 1882 by Robert Cran and Company, who had previously operated the Yengarie Sugar Refinery near Maryborough. Unlike other mills of the era which crushed cane grown on their own estates, Millaquin was originally designed as a central juice factory. It received cane juice pumped through underground pipes from surrounding plantations, including Doolbi, Woongarra, and Spring Hill.<ref>Queensland Historical Atlas, [https://www.qhatlas.com.au/content/bundaberg-sugar-industry Bundaberg Sugar Industry], University of Queensland, 2010.</ref>
Bundaberg Sugar was acquired by the British sugar company Tate & Lyle in 1991. In 2000, the Belgian sugar group Finasucre acquired Bundaberg Sugar from Tate & Lyle and remains its owner.<ref name="FinasucreHistory">Finasucre. "History". https://www.finasucre.com/en/history/</ref>


The name "Millaquin" is derived from the mill's technological innovation at the time. It is a combination of "Mill" and "Quin," referring to the quintuple-effect evaporators installed at the factory—the first of their kind in Queensland.<ref>Bundaberg Regional Council, [https://www.bundaberg.qld.gov.au/heritage/millaquin-mill History of Millaquin Mill], Bundaberg Regional Council, 2018.</ref> This advanced evaporation technology allowed the mill to process juice more efficiently than its competitors.
=== Regional consolidation ===
The closure of [[Qunaba Mill]] in 1985 resulted in its cane railway and supply area being divided between Millaquin and [[Fairymead Mill]].<ref name="LRRSA">Light Railway Research Society of Australia. "Queensland sugar cane railways today". https://www.lrrsa.org.au/LRR_SGRz.htm</ref>


By the 1890s, the juice pipe system proved problematic due to fermentation and maintenance issues. Consequently, Millaquin transitioned into a conventional crushing mill, installing heavy crushing machinery to process whole cane delivered by tramway and wagon.<ref>Australian Dictionary of Biography, [https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cran-robert-3286 Cran, Robert (1819–1894)], National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, 1969.</ref>
Fairymead ceased crushing in 2005 and its cane supply was redistributed within Bundaberg Sugar's remaining milling operations.


=== Expansion and Consolidation ===
In October 2020, Bundaberg Sugar announced that [[Bingera Mill]] would close after the 2020 crushing season because the declining regional crop could no longer economically support two operating mills. All Bundaberg Sugar cane was subsequently consolidated for crushing at Millaquin.<ref name="BingeraClosure">ABC News. "Bundaberg Sugar announces closure of 135-year-old Bingera sugar mill following low cane supply". 23 October 2020. https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2020-10-23/bingera-sugar-mill-closure-bundaberg-sugar-cane/12808948</ref>


Throughout the 20th century, Millaquin expanded by acquiring the cane supply areas of smaller mills that closed in the district. Notable consolidations included the absorption of the Qunaba Mill supply area in 1985.<ref>Light Railway Research Society of Australia, [https://www.lrrsa.org.au/LRR_SGRz.htm Queensland sugar cane railways today], LRRSA, 2020.</ref>
== Modern operations ==
Millaquin is now Bundaberg Sugar's sole operating raw sugar mill. The factory generally processes approximately 1.1 million tonnes or more of cane annually, although seasonal production varies according to crop size and growing conditions.<ref name="BAFFA"/>


The mill's location on the riverbank adjacent to the Bundaberg Sugar Refinery (which refines the raw sugar into white sugar for the retail market) gave it a strategic advantage. It became the hub of Bundaberg Sugar's operations, integrating the milling and refining processes in close proximity.
The 2024 season produced a then-record Millaquin throughput of 1,205,229 tonnes of cane, with an average CCS of 13.59. Mill availability during the season was approximately 95 per cent.<ref name="Canegrowers2024">Bundaberg CANEGROWERS. ''Annual Report 2024/25''. https://www.bdbcanegrowers.com.au/annual-report/</ref>


=== Modern Era ===
Production increased further during the 2025 season, when more than 1.3 million tonnes of cane were processed, setting a new Millaquin crushing record.


Following the closure of Fairymead Mill in 2005 and Bingera Mill in 2020, Millaquin became the sole operational sugar mill in the Bundaberg region. This consolidation necessitated significant infrastructure investment.
The wider Millaquin industrial site also incorporates Bundaberg Sugar's refinery, where raw sugar is processed into refined sugar for domestic industrial, retail and hospitality markets.<ref name="Finasucre2025"/>


Most notably, a rail connection was required to transport cane from the northern side of the Burnett River (formerly Bingera and Fairymead territories) to Millaquin on the southern side. In 2020, Bundaberg Sugar commissioned a rail corridor across the river, utilising the former government railway bridge to link the northern tramway network directly to the Millaquin weighbridge.<ref>Bundaberg Regional Council, [https://www.bundabergnow.com/2020/10/25/mill-consolidation-secure-industry-future/ Mill consolidation to secure industry future], Bundaberg Now, 25 October 2020.</ref>
== Tramway ==
=== Southern network ===
Millaquin Mill is served by a 610 mm (2 ft) gauge cane railway network covering cane-growing areas south and east of the [[Burnett River]]. The network incorporates sections of former mill railway systems progressively absorbed during rationalisation of the Bundaberg sugar industry, including portions of the former Qunaba system.


=== Seasonal Crush ===
Millaquin has operated both steam and diesel locomotives during its history. Steam traction survived at the mill until the 1970s, after which diesel-hydraulic locomotives became standard.


Millaquin Mill processes the entire cane crop for the Bundaberg region. The average seasonal crush varies significantly depending on rainfall and irrigation availability.
=== Northern cane transport ===
The closure of Bingera Mill in 2020 created a major transport challenge because significant cane-growing areas formerly supplying Bingera and Fairymead are located on the northern side of the Burnett River, while Millaquin is on the southern side.


* **Historical Peak:** In the late 1990s, the combined region (serviced by three mills) produced over 3.5 million tonnes of cane.
There is no direct cane railway connection across the Burnett River. Cane from the former northern mill areas is hauled over the remaining northern 610 mm gauge network to a transfer facility at Fairymead. Loaded cane bins are then carried by road across Bundaberg to the southern network before continuing by rail to Millaquin.<ref name="TransportStrategy">Bundaberg and District Canegrowers. ''Bundaberg Integrated Transport Strategy''. 2025. https://www.bdbcanegrowers.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Bundaberg-Integrated-Transport-Strategy.pdf</ref>
* **Current Average:** Since becoming the sole mill in 2021, Millaquin typically crushes between **1.0 million and 1.2 million tonnes** per season. In the drought-affected 2020 season, the regional total was approximately 1.05 million tonnes.<ref>Australian Cane Farmers Association, [https://www.acfa.com.au/bundaberg-sugar-mill-crush-statistics/ Bundaberg Region Crush Statistics], ACFA, 2023.</ref> The mill has a rated capacity to crush up to 360 tonnes of cane per hour.


=== Tramway Network ===
=== Burnett River rail bridge proposal ===
Following the closure of Bingera, Bundaberg Sugar proposed a dedicated 610 mm gauge cane railway bridge across the Burnett River between Fairymead and Rubyanna. The proposed bridge would have linked the northern cane railway directly with the Millaquin-side network and eliminated the intermediate road transport of cane bins.


Millaquin is the centre of a massive 610 mm gauge tramway network that extends to Gin Gin in the west, Avondale in the north, and Elliot Heads in the south. The network is unique in that it integrates the former independent networks of the Bingera, Fairymead, and Qunaba mills.
The proposal included a 25-metre retractable navigation span and underwent public consultation in 2022.<ref name="BridgeProposal">Bundaberg Regional Council. "Cane rail bridge proposed at Strathdees". 20 January 2022. https://www.brcnow.bundaberg.qld.gov.au/2022/01/20/cane-rail-bridge-proposed-bundaberg-sugar/</ref>


The fleet consists primarily of 24-tonne diesel-hydraulic locomotives, including extensively rebuilt Comeng and Eimco units. Since 2021, the network operations have been centralised, with cane from the entire district hauled to the Millaquin yard.<ref>Light Railway Research Society of Australia, [https://www.lrrsa.org.au/LRR_SGRz.htm Queensland sugar cane railways today], LRRSA, 2020.</ref>
The bridge was not constructed. Escalating costs, regulatory and connection issues and the absence of government financial assistance ultimately made the project financially unviable, and Bundaberg Sugar abandoned the proposal. Cane from north of the Burnett River therefore continues to require road transport between the two sections of the cane railway system.<ref name="TransportStrategy"/>
 
== Production Statistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Statistic
! Value
|-
| Typical Annual Crush
| Approximately 1,100,000 tonnes
|-
| 2024 Crush
| 1,205,229 tonnes
|-
| 2024 Average CCS
| 13.59
|-
| 2025 Crush
| More than 1,300,000 tonnes
|-
| Railway Gauge
| 610 mm (2 ft)
|}


== Location ==
== Location ==
Line 82: Line 131:
}}
}}
</table>
</table>


== References ==
== References ==
<references />
<references />

Latest revision as of 14:29, 5 October 2026

Millaquin Mill

Millaquin Mill. 1950. State Library of Queensland.
Millaquin Mill. 1950. State Library of Queensland.

Location
Coordinates 24.85653° S, 152.36638° E
State Queensland
Region Bundaberg
LGA Bundaberg Regional Council
Details
Established 1882 (144 years ago)
Owner Bundaberg Sugar
Gauge 610 mm (2 ft)
Annual Crush Approximately 1,100,000 tonnes annually

Millaquin Mill is a raw sugar factory located at Bundaberg East on the southern side of the Burnett River in Bundaberg, Queensland. Established as the Millaquin sugar refinery in 1882, the site played a major role in the rapid development of the Bundaberg sugar industry during the late nineteenth century.

It is now owned and operated by Bundaberg Sugar and is the company's only operating sugar mill following the closure of Fairymead Mill in 2005 and Bingera Mill in 2020. The Millaquin site incorporates raw sugar milling and sugar refining operations.[1] Bundaberg Sugar is wholly owned by the Belgian sugar group Finasucre.[2]

History

Millaquin refinery

The origins of Millaquin date to the late 1870s. Robert Cran and his brothers, who were already involved in the Yengarie sugar refinery near Maryborough, investigated the Bundaberg district after local residents sought investment in a sugar refinery to encourage development of the district's cane industry.

Construction of the Millaquin refinery began in 1880. Robert Cran travelled to Britain to obtain machinery for the new works, which commenced operations in 1882.[3]

Unlike a conventional sugar mill, the original Millaquin operation did not rely primarily on cane being delivered directly to the factory. Numerous small crushing or "juice" mills were established on surrounding plantations. These mills extracted the cane juice locally before pumping it through a network of underground pipes to Millaquin for processing into sugar. Juice from some riverside plantations was transported to the refinery by punt.[4]

The system stimulated rapid expansion of sugar cultivation in the Woongarra district. Sixteen juice mills were constructed to supply Millaquin between 1881 and 1885, and by the mid-1880s the refinery had become one of the dominant sugar-processing operations in the district.[4]

Development as a sugar mill

Financial difficulties following the economic depression and floods of the 1890s resulted in the Queensland National Bank taking control of the Millaquin undertaking in 1896.[5]

The company increasingly consolidated sugar-growing and milling operations around Bundaberg. A new juice mill was established at Millaquin in 1906, reducing the reliance on the numerous small plantation crushing mills which had originally supplied the refinery.

In 1911, the Queensland National Bank formed the Millaquin Sugar Company Limited to take over the sugar interests associated with Millaquin.[6]

During the 1920s the Millaquin operation was transformed from the earlier juice-processing system into a complete raw sugar factory capable of crushing cane directly. By 1928 the conversion to raw sugar production had been completed.

The refinery continued to operate alongside the raw sugar mill, allowing both raw and refined sugar production to take place at the Millaquin site.

Bundaberg Sugar

In 1975, Bundaberg Sugar Company Limited acquired the Millaquin Sugar Company, bringing Millaquin Mill, its refinery and the associated Bundaberg Distilling Company into the Bundaberg Sugar group.[7]

Bundaberg Sugar was acquired by the British sugar company Tate & Lyle in 1991. In 2000, the Belgian sugar group Finasucre acquired Bundaberg Sugar from Tate & Lyle and remains its owner.[8]

Regional consolidation

The closure of Qunaba Mill in 1985 resulted in its cane railway and supply area being divided between Millaquin and Fairymead Mill.[9]

Fairymead ceased crushing in 2005 and its cane supply was redistributed within Bundaberg Sugar's remaining milling operations.

In October 2020, Bundaberg Sugar announced that Bingera Mill would close after the 2020 crushing season because the declining regional crop could no longer economically support two operating mills. All Bundaberg Sugar cane was subsequently consolidated for crushing at Millaquin.[10]

Modern operations

Millaquin is now Bundaberg Sugar's sole operating raw sugar mill. The factory generally processes approximately 1.1 million tonnes or more of cane annually, although seasonal production varies according to crop size and growing conditions.[1]

The 2024 season produced a then-record Millaquin throughput of 1,205,229 tonnes of cane, with an average CCS of 13.59. Mill availability during the season was approximately 95 per cent.[11]

Production increased further during the 2025 season, when more than 1.3 million tonnes of cane were processed, setting a new Millaquin crushing record.

The wider Millaquin industrial site also incorporates Bundaberg Sugar's refinery, where raw sugar is processed into refined sugar for domestic industrial, retail and hospitality markets.[2]

Tramway

Southern network

Millaquin Mill is served by a 610 mm (2 ft) gauge cane railway network covering cane-growing areas south and east of the Burnett River. The network incorporates sections of former mill railway systems progressively absorbed during rationalisation of the Bundaberg sugar industry, including portions of the former Qunaba system.

Millaquin has operated both steam and diesel locomotives during its history. Steam traction survived at the mill until the 1970s, after which diesel-hydraulic locomotives became standard.

Northern cane transport

The closure of Bingera Mill in 2020 created a major transport challenge because significant cane-growing areas formerly supplying Bingera and Fairymead are located on the northern side of the Burnett River, while Millaquin is on the southern side.

There is no direct cane railway connection across the Burnett River. Cane from the former northern mill areas is hauled over the remaining northern 610 mm gauge network to a transfer facility at Fairymead. Loaded cane bins are then carried by road across Bundaberg to the southern network before continuing by rail to Millaquin.[12]

Burnett River rail bridge proposal

Following the closure of Bingera, Bundaberg Sugar proposed a dedicated 610 mm gauge cane railway bridge across the Burnett River between Fairymead and Rubyanna. The proposed bridge would have linked the northern cane railway directly with the Millaquin-side network and eliminated the intermediate road transport of cane bins.

The proposal included a 25-metre retractable navigation span and underwent public consultation in 2022.[13]

The bridge was not constructed. Escalating costs, regulatory and connection issues and the absence of government financial assistance ultimately made the project financially unviable, and Bundaberg Sugar abandoned the proposal. Cane from north of the Burnett River therefore continues to require road transport between the two sections of the cane railway system.[12]

Production Statistics

Statistic Value
Typical Annual Crush Approximately 1,100,000 tonnes
2024 Crush 1,205,229 tonnes
2024 Average CCS 13.59
2025 Crush More than 1,300,000 tonnes
Railway Gauge 610 mm (2 ft)

Location

Loading map...

Rollingstock

Name Builder Model Serial Year Current Mill Notes
Moorland E.M. Baldwin DH15B 5565-1-10-74 1974 Millaquin Mill Was Coolum. Based at Fairymead depot. Photographed hauling full cane through Fairymead in October 2025.
Vulcan E.M. Baldwin DH24B Mk6 5317-1-11-73 1973 Millaquin Mill
Calavos E.M. Baldwin DH22B Mk6 4983-1-7-73 1973 Millaquin Mill Returned to traffic 13 September 2025 after approximately two months out of service with bearing problems.
Barolin E.M Baldwin DH24B Mk6 6456-1-11-75 1975 Millaquin Mill
Elliott Bundaberg Foundry SDH650 002 1991 Millaquin Mill Originally Babinda Mill No.8 BABINDA. Transferred to Millaquin in 1999 and later named ELLIOTT. Listed as available for service in the Millaquin fleet in 2024.
Fairydale E.M. Baldwin DH28B 10048-1-6-82 1982 Millaquin Mill Moved to Bingera workshop for rebuild following an engine failure in September 2023; returned to service and photographed operating in 2025.
Tegege Commonwealth Engineering FD FD4799 1966 Millaquin Mill
Perry E.M. Baldwin DH18 6-1576-1-8-66 1966 Millaquin Mill Photographed in cane and shunting service in November 2025.
Bucca E.M. Baldwin DH24B Mk 3 6104-1-8-75 1975 Millaquin Mill Operating on the former Fairymead network; photographed hauling full cane to the transloader in October 2025.
Margam Clyde DHI-71 57-159 1957 Labasa Mill
Damo Clyde DHI-71 65-441 1965 Labasa Mill Refurbished in Innisfail by IBS Engineering before shipping to Fiji. 2013
Invicta Commonwealth Engineering AA A1513 1956 Millaquin Mill Listed as available for service in April 2024.
Wattle Commonwealth Engineering FD FD4789 1965 Millaquin Mill Used as breakdown cover. Photographed hauling cane in October 2025.
Manoo E.M. Baldwin DH20 Mk1 3875-1-7-71 1971 Millaquin Mill Listed as available for service in April 2024; photographed at Bingera in September 2025.
Oakwood E.M. Baldwin DH26B Mk2 5800-1-5-75 1975 Millaquin Mill Photographed operating on the north-Burnett network in November 2025.
Givelda E.M. Baldwin DH26B Mk2 5800-2-6-75 1975 Millaquin Mill Photographed hauling full cane into Fairymead in July 2025.
Delan E.M. Baldwin DH26B Mk2 5800-3-7-75 1975 Millaquin Mill
Kolan Walkers GH500 633 1969 Millaquin Mill Converted by Bundaberg Foundry - 1996. Photographed in cane service in November 2025.
Miara E.M. Baldwin DH26B Mk3 8988-1-6-80 1980 Millaquin Mill Based out of Fairymead depot. Listed as available for service in April 2024.
Booyan Bundaberg Foundry SDH650 001 1991 Millaquin Mill Originally Fairymead Mill No.91 BUNDABERG; later renamed BOOYAN. Listed as available for service in the Millaquin fleet in 2024.
6 Bundaberg Foundry 6 1952 Out of service Millaquin #6; later Qunaba #5 Dobbin/Speedy. Preserved on static display at the former Bally Hooley Railway station, Port Douglas (2022).
8 Bundaberg Foundry 3 1952 Out of service Originally Mourilyan #8; later worked at Millaquin and Qunaba. Preserved at Australian Sugar Cane Railway, Bundaberg Botanic Gardens; recommissioned in 2014.
3 Perry 1850.46.1 1946 Out of service Ex Qunaba #2 Skipper; preserved. LRRSA recorded at Port Dock Railway Museum, Port Adelaide SA (2011).

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bundaberg Ag-Food and Fibre Alliance. "Sugarcane". https://baffa.org.au/about/industries/fibre
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Finasucre. Annual Report 2024–2025. https://www.finasucre.com/medias/upload/files/Rapports/ra_finasucre_2025_en.pdf
  3. ↑ Nolan, J. G. "Cran, Robert". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cran-robert-6329
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Australian Dictionary of Biography. "Buss, Frederic William". https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/brett-peter-9577/buss-frederic-william-5440
  5. ↑ Bundaberg Regional Council. "History of the former Queensland National Bank". https://www.brcnow.bundaberg.qld.gov.au/2023/08/10/history-of-the-former-queensland-national-bank/
  6. ↑ Guide to Australian Business Records. "The Millaquin Sugar Company Limited". https://eoas.info/GABR/biogs/ABE0114b.htm
  7. ↑ Guide to Australian Business Records. "Bundaberg Sugar Company Limited". https://eoas.info/GABR/biogs/ABE2665b.htm
  8. ↑ Finasucre. "History". https://www.finasucre.com/en/history/
  9. ↑ Light Railway Research Society of Australia. "Queensland sugar cane railways today". https://www.lrrsa.org.au/LRR_SGRz.htm
  10. ↑ ABC News. "Bundaberg Sugar announces closure of 135-year-old Bingera sugar mill following low cane supply". 23 October 2020. https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2020-10-23/bingera-sugar-mill-closure-bundaberg-sugar-cane/12808948
  11. ↑ Bundaberg CANEGROWERS. Annual Report 2024/25. https://www.bdbcanegrowers.com.au/annual-report/
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Bundaberg and District Canegrowers. Bundaberg Integrated Transport Strategy. 2025. https://www.bdbcanegrowers.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Bundaberg-Integrated-Transport-Strategy.pdf
  13. ↑ Bundaberg Regional Council. "Cane rail bridge proposed at Strathdees". 20 January 2022. https://www.brcnow.bundaberg.qld.gov.au/2022/01/20/cane-rail-bridge-proposed-bundaberg-sugar/
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